Longitudinal Analysis of Domestic Animal Welfare Under Compound Climate Stressors in Smallholder Farming Systems

Abstract

Problem: Compound climate stressors, such as extended droughts, extended heat waves, and changing
populations of pests, are growing to threaten smallholder farming systems. Although the literature on
the topic often focuses on the economic productivity, the direct biological and behavioral well-being
of domestic animals in such a complex of environmental demands is a gap in knowledge that has the
potential to be bridged. Such systems are inimitable because of the underdeveloped infrastructure and
overdependence on the unpredictable natural resources. Methodology: This study uses longitudinal
analysis on a multidisciplinary basis to evaluate the interactions between animals and the environment
over a period. The study assesses the effectiveness of climate-smart strategies, including livestock
diversification and integrated pest management, by combining the data from the different geographical
locations. The approach focuses on animal-based indices, such as physiological stability and adaptive
behavioral capacity, and not fiscal performance only. Results: It was found that animals in diversified
systems that are integrated are much more resilient to heat stress than monocultural systems.
Nevertheless, there is an ongoing weakness in changing communities of ticks and disease vectors
caused by climate change. Other findings also point to a high association between farmer well-being
and livestock health, implying that social stability is a precondition for animal welfare. Conclusion:
The study determines that there are selective adaptive mechanisms that counter the adverse effects of
climatic volatility on native species. It adds to the body of knowledge by giving practical information
that can be used by policymakers to balance conservation agendas and animal husbandry. Finally, it
is necessary to enhance a greater appreciation of these interdependencies to achieve global food
security and animal welfare in the age of unparalleled environmental change.