Ecofriendly Green Synthesis and Comparative Physicochemical Characterization of Fe–Cu Bimetallic Nanoparticles Using Caralluma attenuata Root Extract under Thermal and Non-Thermal Conditions

Abstract

Sustainable bimetallic nanostructures via plant-based systems gained popularity for replacing chemical pathways. In this work, the synthesis of Fe -Cu bimetallic nanoparticles was conducted with Caralluma attenuata root extract as a dual functioning reducing and stabilizing agent in thermal and non thermal approach. In this multi spectral characterization were employed to compare the efficiency of the synthesized bimetallic systems. The X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of an Fe-rich face-centred cubic (fcc) lattice with a minor amount of Cu. The FTIR and Raman spectra showed the presence of bioactive phytochemicals in the reduction, capping and stabilization of metal. UV-visible spectroscopy showed that there were very strong surface plasmon resonances connected to Fe domains and Fe-Cu interaction. Dielectric measurements showed frequency-relaxing permittivity relaxation behaviour, interfacial polarization and charge transport behaviour that varied with precursor volume and thermal treatment. Morphology of the surface of thermal treated sample was good interfacial properties as shown by SEM micrographs. This confirms that Caralluma extract triggers a regulated nucleation-growth route, leading to extremely stable hybrid nanostructures with controllable optical and electrical features. These results demonstrate heat processed Fe-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles colud be applicable as catalysts, dielectric and multifunctional nanotechnological agents.