Human Animal Interactions and their Role in Zoonotic Disease Emergence and Wildlife Conservation in Rural Communities

Abstract

The risk of zoonotic disease transmission has risen in rural communities due to human-animal interactions associated with farm expansion, keeping livestock in their habitats, encroachment, and reliance on forests. The purpose of this research was to explore the links among human-animal interface, the emergence of zoonotic diseases, and wildlife conservation in rural ecosystems from a "One Health" perspective. A field-based cross-sectional study was conducted in 6 rural villages, with a sample of 180 participants. Structured questionnaires, interviews, and direct ecological observations of wildlife interactions, awareness of zoonotic diseases and wildlife conservation, livestock management, and sanitation practices were used to collect data. To assess interaction patterns and related disease risks, descriptive and inferential statistics were used. The study showed that the activities of interaction with livestock mostly involved grazing in the vicinity of forests (72%), shared water use (65%), and animal waste management (58%). The home's proximity to wildlife was reported by 47% of participants, and hunting or trapping by 21%. The respondents' perception of zoonotic disease was at a moderate level (54%), while their attitude towards wildlife conservation programs was relatively high (68%). Villages close to the forest edge had greater exposure to wildlife interactions and potential pathways for pathogen transmission. The study shows that zoonotic disease emergence in rural landscapes is largely driven by close human–livestock–wildlife interactions, insufficient awareness, and habitat disturbance. To sustainably manage livestock, wildlife conservation, environmental protection and public health education to minimize disease risks and stabilize ecosystems in an integrated and "One Health" approach.