Cryptococcosis in Immunocompetent Hosts

Abstract

Cryptococcosis is a globally significant fungal infection caused by Cryptococcus species, leading to meningoencephalitis and pulmonary disease in mainly immunocompromised hosts. This review summarizes the latest insights into C. neoformans/gattii taxonomy, epidemiology, and molecular pathogenesis. We highlight diagnostic advances (including PCR-based assays) and current treatment strategies for both HIV-positive and non-HIV patients. Despite improved antifungals, cryptococcal meningitis still causes ~250 000 cases and 180 000 deaths annually. Recent population-genetic studies reveal clonal lineages in certain regions, and host–pathogen interactions continue to be elucidated. Enhanced diagnostic protocols and tailored therapies (e.g. prolonged induction in non-HIV patients) are emphasised. These developments will inform clinicians and researchers about the current state of the art in cryptococcosis management.