A Comprehensive Review of Natural Polymer-Based Emulsifying Agents: Industrial Applications and Computational Perspectives

Abstract

Emulsions are extensively utilized in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic sectors; yet, their intrinsic instability poses a significant constraint. Natural polymers have arisen as sustainable substitutes for synthetic emulsifiers owing to their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and functional flexibility. This review emphasizes the categorization of natural polymers and their function in emulsion stabilization. Critical instability mechanisms, including creaming, flocculation, and coalescence, are examined in conjunction with stabilization strategies. The efficacy of natural polymers is assessed through interfacial adsorption, steric hindrance, electrostatic interactions, and viscosity augmentation. Polysaccharides and proteins exhibit considerable promise as emulsifying agents, enhancing stability while minimizing environmental effect. In contrast to synthetic emulsifiers, natural alternatives have benefits including non-toxicity and regulatory approval. Their utilization in pharmaceutical delivery, food systems, and environmental cleanup is also examined. Nonetheless, issues including unpredictability, restricted stability under harsh conditions, and scaling limitations endure. Subsequent study ought to concentrate on functional modification and sophisticated formulation techniques to improve performance and broaden industrial applications.