Mechanistic Assessment of Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome by Plant Derived Multi-Target Therapeutics in Experimental Rat Models

Abstract

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder affecting women of reproductive age that is marked by hyperandrogenism, ovulatory failure, and polycystic ovarian morphology. PCOS is associated with insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes, dyslipidaemia, and cardiovascular risk, as well as reproductive issues, making it a significant long-term health concern. Animal models, particularly rat models, have been critical in understanding the pathophysiology of PCOS and evaluating therapeutic options. Letrozole, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), testosterone propionate, and oestradiol valerate are popular induction agents. High-fat or high-sucrose diets exacerbate metabolic symptoms, which are similar to those of PCOS in humans. Medicinal plants have sparked tremendous attention as potential alternatives for synthetic medications due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, insulin-sensitizing, and hormone-regulating properties. Flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins are some of the phytochemicals that enable these benefits. Research using rat models shows that herbs like Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek), Cinnamomum verum (cinnamon), Curcuma longa (turmeric), Withania somnifera (ashwagandha), and others can help restore the shape of the ovaries, make oestrous cycles more regular, and make the body more sensitive to insulin. Nonetheless, translational value is limited by protocol variability, interspecies differences, and the lack of long-term consequences. This work focusses on contemporary PCOS induction models, evaluates medicinal plant-based therapy in rat models, and tackles translational gaps. Aerva lanata, which is high in polyphenols and has antioxidant and hypoglycemic characteristics, presents a promising but understudied option. To link preclinical findings to clinical application, we must standardise phytotherapy, conduct rigorous randomised trials, and merge humanised and organoid systems.