Effect of Nickel Oxide Size on Acute and Chronic Toxicity of aqueduct Fish

Abstract

Introduction: Extensive use of nanoparticles in various sectors causes uncontrolled entry into the environment and because there are no laws and regulations on the environmental safety of nanomaterials in many countries around the world Therefore, there is still not enough information about their harmful effects on the environment.
Materials & methods: Acute toxicity of nickel oxide nanoparticles and nickel oxide on black fish was calculated based on OECD method. The bioaccumulation of nickel oxide nanoparticles and nickel oxide in the tissues of gill, intestine, liver and kidney of black fish was calculated for a period of 28 days. Then the fish were placed in clean water for a period of 28 days to calculate the depuration of these compounds. The toxicity effects of nickel oxide nanoparticles and nickel oxide on gill and intestinal tissues and its effects on blood markers and liver enzymes were investigated.
Results: Acute toxicity values for nickel oxide nanoparticles and nickel oxide were reported to be 207.82 and 104.79 mg / l, respectively, so nickel oxide toxicity is higher than nickel oxide nanoparticles. The trend of changes in the bioaccumulation of nickel oxide was equal to liver> intestine> kidney> gill, respectively. Nickel oxide causes histopathological changes to swelling goblet cells, increases the number of goblet cells and increases the number of blood cells in the intestine. The number of RBCs (million/mm3)
in the blood of fish exposed to nickel oxide nanoparticles, nickel oxide and control were 3.7±0.29, 2.1±0.18 and 4.1±0.28, respectively. The number of RBCs in fish exposed to nickel oxide was significantly lower than the control group (p<0.05). Nickel oxide nanoparticles cause deformed of blackfish erythrocytes, while nickel oxide causes deformed and vacuolated of black fish erythrocytes. The levels of liver enzymes ALP, AST and ALT in fish exposed to nickel oxide nanoparticles and nickel oxide were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the control group after 28 days.
Conclusion: Evaluation of the toxicity effects of nickel oxide nanoparticles and nickel oxide on aquatic organisms is essential to protect organisms from the harmful effects of these compounds.