Effects of Soil–Plant–Animal Interactions on Microclimate Stability and Welfare in Grazing Livestock Systems

Abstract

The mode of interaction between the livestock behaviour and pasture vegetation and soil properties is essential in the development of microclimatic conditions in grazing ecosystems. This research will look at the effects of changes in soil moisture, soil organic matter, animal biodiversity as well as ground cover on thermal comfort and welfare reactions in cattle and small ruminant animals. There was a correlation of all of these environmental measurements, such as the moisture content in the soil, percentage canopy shade, and surface temperature, and the main physiological ones, including the respiration rate, body temperature, and grazing activity patterns. Alteration found out that pasture systems with elevated soil organic matter and high plant species diversity produced much cooler microhabitats, less heat load, and a more effective grazing behaviour. It was found that livestock in these environments showed less stress indices, as they showed a better thermal comfort and a decline in dependence on the shade seeking habits. The results of the study highlight the essential role of adequate soil-plant relationships in ensuring the maintenance of microclimate and the well-being of animals. On the whole, the research gives evidence-based information that can justify the use of biodiversity-rich and soil-sensitive grazing management solutions intended to enhance the performance and resilience of livestock in the warming climate conditions.